نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی
نویسندگان
1 دانشجوی دکتری زبان و ادبیات فارسی، واحد زنجان، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، زنجان، ایران.
2 استادیار گروه زبان و ادبیات فارسی، دانشکده علوم انسانی و هنر، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، واحد زنجان، ایران
3 استادیار گروه زبان و ادبیات فارسی، واحد زنجان، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، زنجان، ایران.
4 دانشیار گروه زبان و ادبیات فارسی، واحد زنجان، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، زنجان، ایران.
چکیده
کلیدواژهها
موضوعات
عنوان مقاله [English]
نویسندگان [English]
Murāqaba is one of the foundational states (aḥwāl) of the mystical path, signifying the servant’s certitude of God’s constant watch over the inner self, as well as the vigilant monitoring of one’s own deeds, behaviors, and blameworthy thoughts. This study, employing a descriptive-comparative method with an analytical approach, investigates how Rūmī and ʿIzz al-Dīn Kāshānī conceptualize murāqaba and explores their shared and divergent perspectives. The findings reveal that murāqaba is intimately linked with spiritual discipline (riyāḍa) and seclusion (khalwa). Kāshānī views murāqaba as the highest stage of khalwa, embedded within a structured spiritual hierarchy, while Rūmī does not clearly delineate between these concepts, instead portraying murāqaba as a fluid, experiential state. Both thinkers affirm the necessity of self-purification, divine proximity, and transcending sensory perception toward a sacred reality; however, Kāshānī emphasizes adherence to Sharīʿa and systematic progression, whereas Rūmī adopts an intuitive, symbolic, and affective approach. These differences are particularly evident in their treatments of dietary restraint, sleep, speech, and invocation (dhikr). Ultimately, both perceive murāqaba as a means to attain truth, awareness, and divine illumination—though Rūmī foregrounds its qualitative and visionary dimensions, while Kāshānī underscores its pedagogical and jurisprudential aspects.
کلیدواژهها [English]